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BDSM Dictionary : AIDS : ICcode
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{{Wikipedia|AIDS}}
[b]AIDS[/b] ([b]Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome[/b] or [b]Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome[/b], sometimes written [b]Aids[/b]) is a
human disease characterised by progressive destruction of the body's
immune system. It is widely accepted that AIDS results from infection
with [about=HIV]HIV[/about] (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), although
this hypothesis is not without controversy. AIDS is currently
considered incurable; where treatments are unavailable (mostly in
poorer countries) most sufferers die within a few years of infection.
In developed countries, treatment has improved greatly over the past
decade, and people have lived with AIDS for ten to twenty years.
It is estimated by the World Health Organisation that as of the end of
2004 37.2 million adults and 2.2 million children were living with
HIV. During 2004, 4.9 million people contracted HIV and 3.1 million
died from AIDS. Since 1981, AIDS has killed 23.1 million people, out
of 79.9 million total infections. In Africa, life expectancy has
dropped by decades in many countries solely due to deaths from AIDS
and Kaposi's sarcoma, a tumour occurring in AIDS patients that is now
the most common tumour reported in sub-Saharan countries.
AIDS was first noticed among gay men and intravenous drug users in the
1980s. By the 1990s the syndrome had become a global epidemic and in
2004, 58 percent of those with AIDS were women. While gay men and
those of African descent continue to suffer higher per capita AIDS
rates, the majority of victims are currently heterosexual women and
men, and children, in developing countries.
[heading]Symptoms
HIV is transmitted by bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, breast
milk, and vaginal secretions. It causes disease by infecting CD4+
helper T cells, a type of white blood cell (or "leukocyte") that
normally coordinates the immune response to infection and cancer. When
a person's CD4+ T cell count decreases sufficiently, he or she is
prone to a range of diseases that a healthy person's body is normally
able to fight. These diseases include cancers and opportunistic
infections, which are usually the cause of death in persons with AIDS.
HIV also infects brain cells, causing some neurological disorders.
Originally AIDS was diagnosed based on the opportunistic diseases
affecting the patient. Today, diagnosis is based on CD4+ T cell
counts. This allows for earlier diagnosis.
[heading]Origins of HIV
HIV, a retrovirus, is closely related to the simian immunodeficiency
viruses (SIV). The SIV are lentiviruses, like HIV, and are endemic to
many African monkeys and apes, in which they are largely asymptomatic.
Most scientists believe that one or more SIV were transferred from
animals to humans at some time during the early 20th century. Research
conducted in 1999 at the University of Alabama found that HIV-1 was
very similar to the chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz). The exact animal source,
time, and location of the transfer (or indeed, how many transfers
there were) is not currently known and is the subject of research and
controversy. It may be possible that both humans and chimpanzees were
infected from a third source.
The natural transfer hypothesis proposes that SIV was transferred to
humans due to the natural interaction between human and primate
populations. The hunting of monkeys for bush meat, the so-called "cut
hunter" theory, is one possible route. Another is the consumption of
raw animal flesh, supposing oral transmission.
Studies suggest that the virus spread initially in West Africa, but it
is possible that there were several separate initial sources,
corresponding to the different strains of HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2). The
earliest human fluid sample known to contain HIV was taken in 1959
from a British sailor, who apparently contracted it in what is now the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Other early samples include one from
an American male who died in 1969, and a Norwegian sailor in 1976. The
earliest documented western death from AIDS was Dr. Grethe Rask, a
Danish surgeon, who worked in the Congo in the early 1970s.
It is believed that the virus was spread via sexual activity, possibly
including with [about=prostitute]prostitute[/about]s, in Africa's
rapidly growing urban areas. As unwittingly infected people travelled
the virus spread from one city to another, and air travellers carried
the virus to other continents.
Some researchers have suggested that HIV may have been introduced by
the United Nations oral polio vaccination program in Africa during the
late 1950s. The OPV AIDS hypothesis argues that the use of monkey and
chimpanzee organs to prepare vaccines, such as the polio vaccine,
provides a possible mechanism for the introduction of SIV into humans,
particularly considering that the vaccines were administered to a
million people, many of them young infants with weak immune systems.
This view is very much a minority one in the HIV research community.
[heading]Current medical understanding of AIDS
Currently the most common ways to contract HIV are via unprotected
[about=human sexual behaviour]sexual activity[/about] and the sharing
of needles by users of intravenous drugs. The virus is rarely
transmitted from mother to child in the womb, but HIV can be
transmitted during childbirth or through breastfeeding. Blood
transfusions and the use of blood products to treat haemophilia have
also been major routes of infection in the past, leading to stricter
screening procedures (but despite these new measures such cases are
still reported occasionally).
Not every patient who is infected with HIV is considered to have AIDS.
In fact, there are conflicting accounts between prominent AIDS
scientists as to whether the HIV (originally discovered as LAV,
lymphadenopathy-associated virus), is sufficient to deplete human T-
cell counts. The criteria for a diagnosis of AIDS can vary from region
to region, but a diagnosis typically requires either:
[item] an absolute CD4 cell count below 200 per cubic millimetre, or
[item] the presence of opportunistic infections, caused by agents
usually unable to induce diseases in healthy people
A person who is infected with HIV is said to be HIV+ (HIV positive or
seropositive) and is sometimes referred to as a PWH, or Person With
HIV. An uninfected individual is said to be HIV- (HIV negative or
seronegative). HIV+ individuals are frequently unaware of their HIV
status. Persons with AIDS (PWAs) are also said to be HIV+, and PWHs
and PWAs are sometimes collectively referred to as PWAs or PWH/As. In
recent years the more optimistic term "People Living With AIDS"
(PLWAs) has come to be preferred by AIDS activist groups and many
people with AIDS themselves.
Primary infection with HIV is called seroconversion, and may be
accompanied by what is called "seroconversion illness" (an earlier
term was "AIDS prodrome"). Symptoms of seroconversion illness include
mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, aching muscles and joints, sore
throat, and swollen glands (lymph nodes), but may also include other
symptoms such as rash. Not every person who seroconverts experiences
seroconversion illness, and there are people who experience no
symptoms at all at this stage.
Regardless of the presence or absence of initial symptoms, all newly
infected individuals become asymptomatic (symptom-free). The newly
infected patient is actually most infectious during the seroconversion
illness as it is during this time that the HIV viral load in the blood
plasma is highest. At this stage, the virus is still multiplying
rapidly, unchecked, because the body has not yet started to produce
antibodies to the virus in sufficient quantities to reach an
equilibrium.
During the asymptomatic stage, billions of HIV particles are produced
every day accompanied by a decline, at variable rates, in the number
of CD4+ T cells. The virus is not only present in the blood, but also
throughout the body, particularly in the lymph nodes, brain, and
genital secretions. During this stage, the body's immune system is
actively trying to fight off the HIV infection but, for the vast
majority of infected people who are not receiving treatment, the
immune response is insufficient as the virus directly attacks cells of
the immune system and mutates rapidly.
The time from infection with HIV to a diagnosis of AIDS varies. Some
patients develop symptoms within a few months of infection, while
others are known to have remained completely asymptomatic for as long
as 20 years. People who remain asymptomatic for 7 to 12 years and
maintain a CD4 count of 600+, with no HIV-related illnesses and
antiretroviral treatment are often called [url=
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/Glossary/GlossaryDataCenterPage.aspx?
fromLetter=L] "HIV long-term nonprogressors"[/url]. Why these
nonprogressors remain AIDS-free, and why different people advance at
various rates, is currently unknown, and is the subject of ongoing
study. The average time of progression from initial infection to AIDS
is 8 to 10 years in the absence of treatment.
[heading]Treatments and vaccines
There is currently no cure or vaccine for HIV or AIDS. Newer
treatments, however, have played a part in delaying the onset of AIDS,
fully eliminating the HIV virus from those recently exposed, on
reducing the symptoms, and extending patients' life spans. Over the
past decade the success of these anti-retroviral treatments in
prolonging, and improving, the quality of life for people with AIDS
has improved dramatically.
Current optimal treatment options consist of combinations
("cocktails") of two or more types of anti-retroviral agents. Patients
on such treatments have been known to repeatedly test "undetectable"
(that is, negative) for HIV, but discontinuing therapy has thus far
caused all such patients' viral loads to promptly increase. There is
also concern with such regimens that drug resistance will eventually
develop. In recent years the term HAART (highly-active anti-retroviral
therapy) has been commonly used to describe this form of treatment.
The majority of the world's infected individuals, unfortunately, do
not have access to medications and treatments for HIV and AIDS.
Research to improve current treatments includes decreasing side
effects of current drugs, simplifying drug regimens to improve
adherence, and determining the best sequence of regimens to manage
drug resistance.
Ever since AIDS entered the public consciousness, various forms of
alternative medicine have been used to treat its symptoms. In the
first decade of the epidemic when no useful conventional treatment was
available, a large number of PWAs experimented with alternative
therapies of various kinds, including massage, herbal and flower
remedies and acupuncture, to either combat the virus or to relieve
related symptoms. None of these were shown to have any genuine or long-
term effect on the virus in controlled trials, but they may have had
other quality of life-enhancing effects on individual users. Interest
in these therapies has declined over the past decade as conventional
treatments have improved. They are still used by some people with AIDS
who do not believe that HIV causes AIDS. Alternative therapies such as
massage, acupuncture and herbal medicine are still used by many
sufferers in conjunction with other treatments, mainly to treat
symptoms such as pain and loss of appetite. People with AIDS, like
people with other illnesses such as cancer, also sometimes use
marijuana to treat pain, combat nausea and stimulate appetite.
In 2005 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United
States recommended a 28 day HIV drug regimen for those who believe
they may have had contact with the virus. The drugs have been shown
to be effective in preventing the virus nearly 100% of the time in
those who received treatment within the initial 24 hours of exposure.
The effectively falls to 52% of the time in those who are treated
within 72 hours; those not treated within the first 72 hours are not
recommended candidates for the regimen.
[heading]Alternative theories
A few scientists and AIDS activists continue to question the
connection between HIV and AIDS, the very existence of HIV, or of an
independent AIDS disease. The validity of current testing methods is
also questioned. Dissident scientists report that they are usually not
invited to attend AIDS conferences and are not granted research
funding from most mainstream sources. Prominent members of this group
are virus researcher Peter Duesberg and Nobel Prize laureate Kary
Mullis. These theories have been in the field for at least 15 years,
and have found little support beyond the original circle of advocates.
They gained prominence when they were promoted, for reasons which have
never been made clear, by sections of the Murdoch press, such as
the "Sunday Times" and "The Australian".
Dr. Robert Willner caught the attention of the Spanish media, when in
1994 he inoculated himself with the blood of Pedro Tocino, an HIV
positive haemophiliac on live TV. Dr. Willner died of a heart attack
in 1995.
Mainstream AIDS activists characterise the position of these
dissidents as "AIDS denialism," and believe their public proselytising
for their various theories is destructive to the adoption of
appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures. Advocates of these
theories include elements within some African countries and some gay
rights groups, such as ACT-UP in San Francisco. South African
president Thabo Mbeki famously made a speech questioning the causal
link between AIDS and HIV. As with the enthusiasm for alternative
therapies, advocacy of unorthodox views about AIDS has declined with
the increasing success of orthodox medical approaches to AIDS
therapies.
[heading]Current status
AIDS is a global epidemic that exists in every continent. UNAIDS
estimates that in 2004, 39.4 million people were infected with AIDS,
3.1 million died due to AIDS (with a total of 19 million dead since
1980) and 4.9 million were newly infected with HIV
http://www.unaids.org/wad2004/report.html. The majority of AIDS cases
occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, in which 8% of the adult population is
infected. South & South East Asia are the second most affected areas,
with 15% of global AIDS cases. Children accounted for 500,000 of the
AIDS deaths. These numbers have led some experts to call AIDS the
deadliest pandemic in human history since the Black Death that ravaged
Europe and western Asia in the 14th century and the introduction of
smallpox and other Eurasian diseases to the Americas in the 16th
century.
In Western countries the infection rate of HIV has slowed somewhat,
due to the widespread adoption of [about=safe sex]safe sex[/about]
practises by most of the sexually active population (including gay
men) and (to a lesser extent) the existence of needle exchanges and
campaigns to educate intravenous drug users about the dangers of
sharing needles. The spread of infection among heterosexuals in
western countries has also been much slower than originally feared,
possibly because HIV is less readily transmissible through vaginal sex
without other concurrent [about=sexually transmitted disease]sexually
transmitted disease[/about]s than was initially believed. Even in
some major population areas with large gay communities such as San
Francisco, United States, AIDS cases have fallen to levels not seen
since the original outbreak; many attribute this to aggressive
educational campaigns.
In some populations, however, such as young urban gay men of African
descent and the African-American community at large, infection rates
began to show signs of rising again from the late 1990s. In Britain
the number of people diagnosed with HIV increased 26% from 2000 to
2001. Similar trends have been seen in the United States and
Australia, and are attributed to "AIDS fatigue" among younger people
who have no memory of the worst phase of the epidemic in the 1980s as
well as "[about=condom]condom[/about] fatigue" among those who have
grown tired of and disillusioned with the unrelenting [about=safer sex]
safer sex[/about] message. This trend is of major concern to public
health workers. AIDS continues to be a problem with illegal
[about=sex .worker]sex worker[/about]s and injection drug users. On
the other
hand, the death rate from AIDS in all Western countries has fallen
sharply, as new AIDS therapies have proved to be an effective (if
expensive) means of suppressing HIV.
In developing countries, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa, however,
poor economic conditions (leading to the use of dirty needles in
healthcare clinics) and lack of sex education means continued high
infection rates. In some countries in Africa 25% or more of the
working adult population is HIV-positive; in Botswana alone the figure
is 35.8% (1999 estimate —
source "[url=http://www.worldpress.org/map.htm]World Press Review
[/url]"). The situation in South Africa, where President Thabo Mbeki
shares the views of the "AIDS denialists," is also deteriorating
rapidly, with 4.7 million infections in 2002. Also suffering heavily
are Nigeria and Ethiopia, which had 3.7 million and 2.4 million people
infected respectively in 2003. On the other hand Uganda, Zambia, and
Senega have initiated prevention programs to reduce their HIV
infection rates, with varying degrees of success.
Latin America and the Caribbean had just over 2.2 million infected
persons in 2003, with modes of transmission and infection rates
varying widely. The infection rates are highest in Central America and
the Caribbean, where heterosexual transmission is fairly common. In
Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina, drug injection and homosexual
activity are the main modes of transmission, but there is concern that
heterosexual activity may soon become a primary method of spreading
the virus. Brazil recently began a comprehensive AIDS prevention and
treatment program to keep the AIDS virus in check, including the
production of generic versions of anti-retroviral drugs.
AIDS infection rates are also rising steadily in Asia, with over 7.5
million infections by 2003. In July 2003, the estimated number of HIV+
individuals in India was about 4.6 million, roughly 0.9% of the
working adult population. In China, the number was estimated at 1
million to 1.5 million, with some estimates going much higher. Both
countries have growing epidemics spread by large numbers of urban sex
workers (a technical term for prostitute) and intravenous drug use.
China also suffers from an epidemic in some of its rural areas, where
large numbers of farmers, especially in Henan province, participated
in sloppy procedures for blood transfusions; estimates of those
infected are in the tens of thousands. AIDS seems to be under control
in Thailand and Cambodia, but new infections occur in those nations at
a steady rate.
There is also growing concern about a rapidly growing epidemic in
Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where an estimated 1.7 million people
were infected by January 2004. The rate of HIV infections rose rapidly
from the mid-1990s, due to social and economic collapse, increased
levels of intravenous drug use and increased numbers of prostitutes.
By 2004 the number of reported cases in Russia was over 257,000,
according to the World Health Organisation, up from 15,000 in 1995 and
190,000 in 2002; some estimates claim the real number is up to five
times higher, over 1 million. There are predictions that the infection
rate in Russia will continue to rise quickly, since education there
about AIDS is almost non-existent. Ukraine and Estonia also had
growing numbers of infected people, with estimates of 500,000 and
3,700 respectively in 2004.
[heading]Prevention
Despite widely publicised fears about the possible "casual
transmission" of HIV and AIDS, the risk of infection is virtually
eliminated by following simple precautions, such as abstaining from
sexual activity outside a definitely [about=monogamous]monogamous
[/about] relation with a seronegative partner, and avoiding blood
transfusions with unsafe blood.
The only proven cause of transmission is the exchange of bodily
fluids, in particular blood and genital secretions. HIV cannot be
transmitted by breathing, via casual contact such as touching, holding
or shaking hands, by sharing cooking and eating utensils, dishes, cups
and glasses, hugging and kissing, or by mutual [about=masturbation]
masturbation[/about]. It is possible that HIV could be transmitted
through open-mouthed kissing if both partners had bleeding oral sores,
but no such case has been documented and the possibility of
transmission in this way is considered very unlikely as saliva
contains much lower concentrations of HIV than, for example, semen.
HIV is not a hardy virus; the virus dies within about twenty minutes
once it is outside a human body. Thus, for example blood or semen
stains quickly become non-infectious and are no cause for concern.
HIV transmission via sexual activity has been recorded from male to
male, male to female, female to female and female to male. ""Health
experts around the world urge people to use condoms to protect
themselves from HIV and a host of sexually transmitted infections.""
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3176982.stm. Although condoms are
not 100% effective against pregnancy or disease transmission, it has
been repeatedly shown that HIV cannot pass through latex condoms. All
major brand condoms are electrically tested during production to
ensure they have no microscopic holes. However packaged condoms do not
last indefinitely, old condoms have a higher risk of tearing, thus
they should not be used after the date given on the package.
[about=Anal sex]Anal sex[/about], because of the delicacy of the
tissues in the [about=anus]anus[/about] and the ease with which they
can tear, is considered the highest-risk sexual activity, but condoms
are recommended for [about=vaginal sex]vaginal sex[/about] as well.
Condoms should be used only once and then be disposed of. Because of
the risk of tearing (both of the condom and of skin and mucous
membranes), the use of water-based lubricants is recommended. Oil-
based [about=sexual lubricant]sexual lubricant[/about]s should not be
used with condoms as they can cause tears in the condom material by
weakening the latex.
In terms of HIV transmission, [about=oral sex]oral sex[/about] is
considered a lower risk than vaginal or anal sex. The relative lack
of definitive research on the subject, coupled with conflicting public
information and cultural influences have caused many to believe,
incorrectly, that oral sex is safe. Although the actual risk factor
of oral HIV transmission is unknown, there are documented cases of HIV
transmission through both insertive and receptive (male) oral sex.
One study concluded that 7.8% of recently infected men in San
Francisco were probably infected through oral sex. However, a study
of Spanish men who knowingly engaged in oral sex with HIV+ partners
identified no cases of oral transmission. Part of the reason for such
apparently conflicting evidence is that identifying oral transmission
cases is problematic. Most HIV+ persons engaged in other types of
sexual activity prior to infection, thus making it difficult or
impossible to isolate oral transmission. Factors such as mouth sores,
etc., are also difficult to decouple from transmission
between "healthy" persons.
It is usually recommended not to take [about=semen]semen[/about] or
[about=preseminal fluid]preseminal fluid[/about] into the mouth. The
use of condoms for oral sex (or [about=dental dam]dental dam[/about]s
for [about=cunnilingus]cunnilingus[/about]) further reduces the
potential risk.
HIV is known to be transmitted via the sharing of needles by users of
intravenous drugs, and this is one of the most common methods of
transmission. All AIDS-prevention organisations advise drug-users not
to share needles and to use a new or properly sterilised needle for
each injection. Information on cleaning needles using bleach is
available from health care and addiction professionals and from needle
exchanges. In the United States and other western countries, clean
needles are available free in some cities, at needle exchanges or safe
injection sites.
Medical workers who follow universal precautions or body substance
isolation such as wearing latex gloves when giving injections or
handling bodily wastes or fluids, and washing the hands frequently,
can prevent the spread of HIV from patients to workers, and from
patient to patient. The risk of being infected with HIV from a single
prick with a needle that has been used on an HIV infected person is
thought to be less than 1 in 200. Post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-
HIV drugs can further reduce that small risk.
Several studies have shown that circumcised men may be slightly less
likely to contract HIV. Alternatively, there are studies which show
nations with high circumcision rates have more AIDS overall than those
with low rates. One theory is that cells in the foreskin, which are
removed during circumcision, act as so-called "HIV receptors". The
difference at present appears to be very slight, and could be a result
of cultural and hygiene differences rather than circumcision. It is
unlikely that these findings will lead to an increase in circumcisions
carried out on newborns, which are currently performed on most infant
boys in the United States. Being circumcised should not be taken as
having immunity to HIV.
There is now some evidence that treatment of already-infected people
with antiretroviral drugs may reduce the transmission of HIV infection
to their sexual partners, independently of other safer-sex precautions
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3538556.stm. This may imply that
aggressively treating existing HIV cases, in addition to protecting
the uninfected population through education and safer-sex programs,
may be more effective at preventing the spread of HIV than either of
these alone.
[heading]External links
[item][url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-
T/hea_hiv_aid_adu_pre_rat&int=-1]Prevalence of AIDS in adults - A
country comparison[/url]
[item][url=http://www.avert.org/worldstats.htm]World AIDS & HIV
Statistics Including Deaths[/url]
[item][url=http://www.unaids.org/en/default.asp]UNAIDS[/url] (the
major international AIDS agency, a part of the UN)
[item][url=http://www.thebody.com]The Body[/url]
[item][url=http://www.iasociety.org/]International AIDS Society[/url]
[item][url=http://www.ias-2005.org/]IAS 2005 - 3rd IAS Conference on
HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment[/url]
[item][url=http://www.aids2004.org]AIDS 2004[/url] (website of the XV
International AIDS Conference in Bangkok)
[item][url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm]US Centers for Disease
Control AIDS website[/url]
[item][url=http://www.projectinform.org]Project Inform[/url] (leading
AIDS advocacy organisation)
[item][url=http://www.worldaidsday.org]World AIDS Day[/url]
[item][url=http://www.aidsquilt.org]The AIDS Memorial Quilt[/url]
[item][url=http://aids-children.org]Aids Children[/url]
[item][url=http://www.conferencealerts.com/aids.htm]AIDS conferences
[/url]
[item][url=http://www.virusmyth.net]Questioning the current theory
[/url]
[item][url=http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/aids.htm]AIDS: Are
Children at Risk?[/url]
[item][url=http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9215/aids.htm]Adolescents
and AIDS[/url]
[item][url=http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/roles.htm]Counselling
Roles and AIDS[/url]
[item][url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2002-2/aids.htm]Cultural
Reciprocity Aids Collaboration with Families[/url]
[item][url=http://www.iaen.org/]International AIDS Economics Network
[/url]
[item][url=http://www.aidsmatters.org/]AIDS Matters[/url]
[item][url=http://www.redribbon.co.za/]Red Ribbon[/url]
[item][url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/]Circumcision
status, HIV Infection and AIDS[/url]
[item][url=http://aids2004.msf.org.hk]M*©decins sans Fronti*¨res at
the XV International AIDS Conference[/url]
[item][url=http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-aids01.html]AIDS in Eastern
and Central Europe[/url]
[item][url=http://www.treatthepeople.com]Students Against Global AIDS
[/url] (Canadian Student groups working on the HIV/AIDS crisis)
[item][url=http://samvak.tripod.com/brief-aids01.html]AIDS in Eastern
and Central Europe[/url]
[item][url=http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/~www/bio118/aids1.htm]
AIDS: Origins, Definitions, and Prevalence[/url]
[item][url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4075615.stm] Key HIV-
fighting genes identified[/url]
[item][url=http://news.yahoo.com/news?
tmpl=story&u=/po/20050203/co_po/reportdetailshivcrisisamongblacks]
Report Details HIV Crisis Among African Americans[/url]
[item][url=http://news.yahoo.com/news?
tmpl=story&u=/krsanjose/20050202/lo_krsanjose/newbayareaaidscasesplunge
]San Francisco HIV Levels Plunge[/url]
[item][url=http://www.rednova.com/news/display/?id=120665]CDC
Recommends HIV Drugs For First 72 Hours Of Exposure[/url]
(This entry in the BDSM Dictionary incorporates text from the
[url=http://www.londonfetishscene.com/wipi/index.php/AIDS]AIDS[/url]
article in Wipipedia.)
This entry is published under the terms of the GFDL. People with profiles on Informed Consent can improve this entry: see the BDSM Dictionary help page for details.
